Resentment grew in East Pakistan over West Pakistan's mistreatment of Bengalis as second-class citizens; the imposition of Urdu as the sole official language deepened cultural and identity divides.

West Pakistan's crackdown forced millions of Bengalis to flee to India, with eight to nine million refugees in 829 camps; Bengali youth joined militias like Mukti Bahini to fight against Pakistan's oppression.

With no Western support, India faced dwindling options for peace; as war loomed, Indian generals prepared for action, setting up equipment and infrastructure, with engineers working through the monsoons.

India's intelligence agencies had prepared long before the war, providing crucial inputs to ensure readiness in safeguarding territory and executing operational plans effectively.

India's success was due to both military preparedness and Indira Gandhi's diplomatic efforts; she convinced the world of West Pakistan's atrocities, changing perceptions and cutting off supplies to East Pakistan.

In East Pakistan, Indian forces, supported by Mukti Bahini, gained ground; in the west, India fought tough battles, including Longewala, Chahro Raid and Chamb-Shakargarh, keeping the enemy engaged.